In the search for higher efficiency, bright light sources, researchers are investigating how nanophotonics can be used within light emitting diode (LED) and organic light emitting diode (OLED) structures. Nanophotonic elements including textured metallic electrodes, periodic patterning within the active layer, and microscale anti-reflection layers like moth’s eye film can improve the price performance of solid state lighting, and offer long lifetimes, small form factors, high lumens output per watt input, and robust packaging. As a result, LED/OLED structures are of intense research interest for a diverse set of applications including TV screens, cell phones, and other applications. Given the promise of high efficiency solid state sources of quality light, researchers continue to investigate such structures to render them competitive with other sources of visible light including incandescent lamps and fluorescent lighting.