A statistically enabled avalanche photodetector model. The statistical parameters are responsivity, electro-optic bandwidth and dark current, and multiplication factor.
For an example of how to extract these parameters, see Avalanche Photodetector. For information on statistical CMLs, see Statistical CMLs.
Note: For legacy data format (2022 R2.4 and older) please visit following link:
Avalanche Photodetector (Statistical) - Lumfoundry Template (Legacy)
Template: apd_stat_c
Photonic Model: photodetector_avalanche
Quality Assurance Test: photodetector_avalanche QA
Statistically Enabled Parameters: responsivity, bandwidth, dark current, multiplication factor
Parameters: None.
Interoperability with Cadence Virtuoso:
- Circuit design flows using INTERCONNECT model: Yes.
- Circuit design flow using photonic Verilog-A model: No.
App Gallery Example: Avalanche Photodetector
Modeling Data
The source data template for a avalanche photodetector element can divided into two sections.
- For new users (continue with following section: Basic data requirement section)
- Advanced users ( continue with section: Complete Data Requirement )
The avalanche photodetector template can be used to create a very advanced compact model for a custom avalanche photodetector. The template contains a lot of different modeling data to create an accurate model. However, not all these data need to be updated by the user. The fastest/simplest way to modify the template data and create a custom compact model would be to only update the values of the data listed in the 'basic data requirement section' below, while all rest of the data (which is illustrated in detail in subsequent sections) can be left at their default value.
Note: Advanced users please jump start with Complete Data Requirement (for advanced users) section.
Basic data requirement section (for new users)
The basic or minimum data required to build the avalanche photodetector model is described below.
general
"general" is a struct with following fields:
Field | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
description | string | A string containing a brief description of the model, which will be displayed to the end user. |
notes | cell |
A cell array that provides model notes which will be displayed to the end user. Each element of the cell is a struct with the fields:
|
ports
"ports" is a struct with following fields:
Field | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
opt_1 |
struct with fields described in table below | Port definition corresponding to the input optical port |
ele_an |
Port definition corresponding to the anode and cathode of the photodetector. |
|
ele_cat |
Each struct above consists of following fields:
Field | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
name | string | The name of the port, which will be visible to the end user. This name should be consistent with the name that will be used for netlisting. |
dir | string | The directionality of the port, either "Input", "Output", or "Bidirectional" |
pos | string |
The side of the model which the port will be displayed on, either "Left", "Right", "Top", or "Bottom" |
order | number |
The order at which the port is listed in a netlist. |
model_data
"model_data" is a struct with following fields:
Field | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
bandwidth_data
|
Struct
|
The 3-dB cutoff frequency (Hz) of the photodetector as a function of applied bias voltage (V). The required fields are:
Note: Data must be provided for at least two bias voltages |
Idark_data
|
Number
|
The total dark current (A) of the photodetector. Note:
|
resp_data
|
Struct |
The responsivity (A/W) of the photodetector as a function of frequency (Hz). The required fields are:
Notes:
|
M_data
|
struct
|
Multiplication factor data at various bias voltages and optical powers, provided as a struct, with the following fields:
Note:
|
ionization_ratio_data
|
struct |
The ionization ratio of the photodetector as a function of applied bias voltage (V), containing the following fields:
Notes:
|
Complete data requirement (for advanced users)
The complete data section provides a complete reference of data supported by the avalanche photodetector model including the basic required data described in the previous section. The description of all the fields in the avalanche photodetector source data template are described below.
general
"general" is a struct with following fields:
[[snippet||11549514081811]]
ports
"ports" is a struct with following fields:
Field | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
opt_1 |
struct with fields described in table below | Port definition corresponding to the input optical port |
ele_an |
Port definition corresponding to the anode and cathode of the photodetector. |
|
ele_cat |
Each struct above consists of following fields:
[[snippet||11549759363603]]
parameters
"parameters" is a struct with following fields:
Field | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
temperature | struct with fields described in table below |
The temperature at which the models operate. Note:
|
thermal_noise |
The thermal noise of the photodetector. Note:
|
Each struct above consists of following fields:
[[snippet||11720299494931]]
model_data
"model_data" is a struct with following fields:
[[snippet||12154138198803]]
M_data
|
struct
|
Multiplication factor data at various bias voltages and optical powers, provided as a struct, with the following fields:
Note:
|
ionization_ratio_data
|
struct |
The ionization ratio of the photodetector as a function of applied bias voltage (V), containing the following fields:
Notes:
|
QA
"QA" is a struct with following fields:
[[snippet||12155371687955]]
optical_power | number | The optical power (W) at which all tests will be done (can be a single value or an array). |
statistical
"statistical" is a struct with fields below. This struct is optional and is only required for statistical compact models.
Note: To allow CML Compiler to build statistically enabled models, the statistical_parameter_status has to be defined in the XML file. For more information, see Statistical CMLs.
Field | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
parameters |
struct |
Each field of this struct defines one statistical parameter for the model. These fields should have names following "parameter_X" where X is an integer and follow the structure described in statistical parameters table. Note: This data is required for CML Compiler to enable statistical modeling. |
QA |
struct with fields described in QA table |
Defining QA settings for statistical QA. |
statistical parameters
[[snippet||11647965606547]]
slope_M |
number |
The sensitivity of the multiplication factor of the photodetector with respect to the X-th statistical parameter defined as d_M / d_parameter_X. This parameter can be included either as a matrix or a single value. The requirements for each case are:
Notes:
|
slope_M_bias |
Number |
The bias point at which the slope_M is taken. Note: This field only needs to be provided if slope_M is a single value. |
slope_M_optical_power |
Number |
The optical power at which the slope_M is taken. Note: This field only needs to be provided if slope_M is a single value and M_data is a function of optical power. |
slope_Resp |
number |
The sensitivity of the responsivity of the photodetector with respect to the X-th statistical parameter defined as d_Resp / d_parameter_X. Note: Only provide this field if the statistical parameter affects the responsivity |
slope_BW |
number |
The sensitivity of the electro-optic bandwidth of the photoetector with respect to the X-th statistical parameter defined as d_BW / d_parameter_X. Note: Only provide this field if the statistical parameter affects the bandwidth |
slope_Idark |
number |
The sensitivity of the dark current of the photoetector with respect to the X-th statistical parameter defined as d_Idark / d_parameter_X. This perturbation will be applied uniformly for all bias voltages; hence the slope should be provided for the default/typical operating bias of the photodetector.
Note: Only provide this field if the statistical parameter affects the dark current |
statistical QA
[[snippet||12156461004947]]
parameters | struct |
Parameter values used for setting up the QA test bench. The required fields are:
|